预处理方法对香蒲厌氧发酵联产H2-CH4效能的影响

通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖及其他代谢产物变化情况,结合香蒲微观结构解析,系统研究酸(HCl)、碱(NaOH)、酶(纤维素酶R-10)3种预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产H₂-CH₄的影响. 结果表明:香蒲分别经酸、碱、酶3种预处理后,厌氧发酵联产累积H₂、CH₄产量及含量均显著提高,c(HCl)、c(NaOH)均为1.0mol/L, w(纤维素酶R-10)(以底物计)为10mg/g时,预处理最佳. 其中1.0mol/L NaOH预处理香蒲效果最佳,φ(H₂)(H₂含量)达30.09%,累积产H₂量(以香蒲干质量计)达11.39mL/g;φ(CH₄)(CH₄含量)最高达67.48%,累积产CH₄量(以香蒲干质量计)达41.87mL/g;还原糖利用率达50.87%,sCOD(溶解性化学需氧量)利用率达66.17%. 纤维素酶预处理后香蒲产CH₄能力显著提高,产CH₄阶段φ(CH₄)最高为71.39%,累积产CH₄量达46.32mL/g,还原糖利用率达72.10%. 扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,碱预处理对香蒲纤维素结构破坏程度最大,可有效增加香蒲与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产H₂-CH₄工艺的快速启动和稳定运行.      

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d^-1 as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d^-1 and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed^-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanol-type fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS^-1·d^-1. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

Techno-economic evaluation of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments for enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal waste activated sludge

To enhance the anaerobic digestion of municipal waste-activated sludge (WAS), ultrasound, thermal, and ultrasound + thermal (combined) pretreatments were conducted using three ultrasound specific energy inputs (1000, 5000, and 10,000 kJ/kg TSS) and three thermal pretreatment temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C). Prior to anaerobic digestion, combined pretreatments significantly improved volatile suspended solid (VSS) reduction by 29-38%. The largest increase in methane production (30%) was observed after 30 min of 90 °C pretreatment followed by 10,000 kJ/kg TSS ultrasound pretreatment. Combined pretreatments improved the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) removal efficiency by 42-72% but did not show any further improvement in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal when compared with ultrasound and thermal pretreatments alone. Economic analysis showed that combined pretreatments with 1000 kJ/kg TSS specific energy and differing thermal pretreatments (50-90 °C) can reduce operating costs by $44-66/ton dry solid when compared to conventional anaerobic digestion without pretreatments.     

提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量的研究进展

随着畜禽养殖规模的不断扩大,合理处理畜禽粪便是目前刻不容缓的问题。目前,沼气发酵是解决畜禽养殖场粪污处理和资源化利用的主要方式之一,且通过提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量可以实现将粪便变废为宝的目的和达到资源利用最大化效果。综述了畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气的内在影响因素和外在影响因素对产气量的影响,为提高畜禽粪便的利用率和沼气发酵产气量提供参考依据。     

Abating whey organic load through ethanol and lactic acid production by kefir

Abstract

The extent to which selected ethanol and lactic acid production bioprocesses contribute to whey waste abatement was examined. Alcoholic fermentation of whey was carried out by kefir cells immobilized on grape stalks, delignified cellulosic materials, or brewer's spent grains. Lactic acid fermentation was also performed by free kefir cells with or without addition of brewer's spent grains as promoting material. Since whey fermentation rate is affected by the lactose uptake rate, ¹⁴C-labeled lactose was used to study the fermentation ability of kefir. The highest reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of whey, about 68% and 52%, respectively, were achieved by lactic acid fermentation in 6 h at 37 °C and pH 5.5, in the presence of 120 g brewer's spent grains. Additionally, at the same conditions, the highest ¹⁴C-labeled lactose uptake rate by kefir and consequently the highest alcoholic fermentation rate were also recorded. However, greater reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of whey are required prior to final disposal.     

淀粉废水生产微生物絮凝剂及发酵动力学特征

以淀粉生产废水为原料制备微生物絮凝剂,考察了外加磷酸盐、氮源对微生物絮凝剂产量和絮凝活性的影响,分析了絮凝菌的生长与代谢特征,检测了发酵过程中pH值、COD、氨氮、及总磷的变化规律,分别利用Logistic和Luedeking-Piret模型对絮凝菌生长和代谢产物生成的动力学过程进行了拟合,并探索了微生物絮凝剂对淀粉废水的絮凝沉降性能.结果表明,外加6g/L的磷酸盐（K2HPO4：KH2PO4=2：1,w/w）和2g/L的尿素,所制备微生物絮凝剂的产量和絮凝活性分别显著提高至0.96g/L和92.8%.在对数生长期,菌体干重、细胞浓度OD₆₀₀和菌落数分别迅速增加至1.58g/L、0.86和5.3×10⁷cfu/mL,淀粉废水培养基的COD、氨氮、总磷分别由7836、975、712mg/L迅速降低至1736、188、146mg/L. 絮凝菌发酵结束后,发酵培养基的pH值由6.8略降至6.5.絮凝菌代谢获得的微生物絮凝剂中多糖含量为96.2%,基本不含蛋白质.Logistic和Luedeking-Piret模型的拟合结果能够较好地描述絮凝菌生长和代谢产物生成的动力学过程.此外,本实验制备的微生物絮凝剂在投加量为30mg/L时,能够去除淀粉废水中48.6%的COD和71.9%的浊度.     

Vacuum promotes metabolic shifts and increases biogenic hydrogen production in dark fermentation systems

The successful operation of any type of hydrogen-producing bioreactor depends on the performance of the microorganisms present in the system. Both substrate and partial gas pressures are crucial factors affecting dark fermentation metabolic pathways. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of both factors on hydrogen production using anaerobic granular sludge as inoculum and, secondly, to study the metabolic shifts of an anaerobic community subjected to low partial gas pressures. With this goal in mind, seven different wastewater (four synthetic media, two industrial wastewater, and one domestic effluent) and the effect of applying vacuum on the systems were analyzed. The application of vacuum promoted an increase in the diversity of hydrogenproducing bacteria, such as Clostridium, and promoted the dominance of acetoclastic- over hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The application of different media promoted a wide variety of metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, reduction of the hydrogen partial pressure by application of vacuum lead to further oxidation of reaction intermediates irrespective of the medium used, which resulted in higher hydrogen and methane production, and improved the COD removal. Interestingly, vacuum greatly promoted biogenic hydrogen production from a real wastewater, which opens possibilities for future application of dark fermentation systems to enhance biohydrogen yields.     

EGSB-MBR组合工艺处理糖蜜发酵废水效能研究

实验采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器与好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对糖蜜发酵废水进行处理.重点考察了组合工艺对发酵废水的处理效能,包括甲烷的产生效率、污染物(COD、NH4+-N和TN)的去除效能.实验结果表明:控温条件下[(35±1)℃]、进水COD约为2250mg/L、pH在为6.0左右时,EGSB对发酵废水的COD去除率可达75.6%,甲烷的容积产气速率为0.48m3/(m3·d).MBR在溶解氧(DO)为1~2mg/L左右时,采用曝气-搅拌交替运行方式处理EGSB出水,可以实现同步硝化反硝化,并且在曝气3h-搅拌1h交替运行条件下,NH4+-N、TN去除率分别为85.13%、58.57%,而最终COD去除率达到85%.     

厨余发酵液作为中试A/O-MBR外增碳源的脱氮特性

利用厨余发酵液作为A/O-MBR的外增碳源,考察在不同发酵液投加量和水力停留时间(HRT)条件下的脱氮性能以及膜污染特点.结果表明,发酵液的反硝化速率和COD利用率与乙酸钠接近,比葡萄糖高.通过A/O-MBR的运行发现,厨余发酵液作为碳源能够增强微生物活性,强化反硝化过程,从而提高脱氮效率.TN的去除效率随着发酵液投加量的增加而增大.发酵液投加前后,反应器内的EPS并没有积累,膜污染速率变化较小.化学清洗可以有效地去除膜污染物质,恢复膜通量.同时,延长HRT有助于提高脱氮效率和缓解膜污染.     

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation enriched process was described in detail. The enriched bacterial communities were characterized under four redox conditions. The enriched archaeal communities were stated under high percentage conditions. Relatively intact pathways of anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation were proposed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent contaminants worldwide, especially in environments devoid of molecular oxygen. For lack of molecular oxygen, researchers enhanced anaerobic zones PAHs biodegradation by adding sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron. However, microbial community reports of them were limited, and information of metabolites was poor except two-ring PAH, naphthalene. Here, we reported on four phenanthrene-degrading enrichment cultures with sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron as electron acceptors from the same initial inoculum. The high-to-low order of the anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation rate was the nitrate-reducing conditions>sulfate-reducing conditions>methanogenic conditions>iron-reducing conditions. The dominant bacteria populations were Desulfobacteraceae, Anaerolinaceae, and Thermodesulfobiaceae under sulfate-reducing conditions; Moraxellaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Comamonadaceae under methanogenic conditions; Rhodobacteraceae, Planococcaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae under nitrate-reducing conditions; and Geobacteraceae, Carnobacteriaceae, and Anaerolinaceae under iron-reducing conditions, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that bacteria populations of longtime enriched cultures with four electron acceptors all obtained significant changes from original inoculum, and bacterial communities were similar under nitrate-reducing and iron-reducing conditions. Archaea accounted for a high percentage under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions, and Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, as well as Methanobacteriaceae, were the dominant archaea populations under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The key steps of phenanthrene biodegradation under four reducing conditions were carboxylation, further ring system reduction, and ring cleavage.